3. Using and understanding the Valgrind core: Advanced Topics

The simplest way to get started is to run Valgrind with the flag --vgdb-error=0. Then follow the on-screen directions, which give you the precise commands needed to start GDB and connect it to your program.

Otherwise, here's a slightly more verbose overview.

If you want to debug a program with GDB when using the Memcheck tool, start Valgrind like this:

valgrind --vgdb=yes --vgdb-error=0 prog

In another shell, start GDB:

gdb prog

Then give the following command to GDB:

(gdb) target remote | vgdb

You can now debug your program e.g. by inserting a breakpoint and then using the GDB continue command.

This quick start information is enough for basic usage of the Valgrind gdbserver. The sections below describe more advanced functionality provided by the combination of Valgrind and GDB. Note that the command line flag --vgdb=yes can be omitted, as this is the default value.

The GNU GDB debugger is typically used to debug a process running on the same machine. In this mode, GDB uses system calls to control and query the program being debugged. This works well, but only allows GDB to debug a program running on the same computer.

GDB can also debug processes running on a different computer. To achieve this, GDB defines a protocol (that is, a set of query and reply packets) that facilitates fetching the value of memory or registers, setting breakpoints, etc. A gdbserver is an implementation of this "GDB remote debugging" protocol. To debug a process running on a remote computer, a gdbserver (sometimes called a GDB stub) must run at the remote computer side.

The Valgrind core provides a built-in gdbserver implementation, which is activated using --vgdb=yes or --vgdb=full. This gdbserver allows the process running on Valgrind's synthetic CPU to be debugged remotely. GDB sends protocol query packets (such as "get register contents") to the Valgrind embedded gdbserver. The gdbserver executes the queries (for example, it will get the register values of the synthetic CPU) and gives the results back to GDB.

GDB can use various kinds of channels (TCP/IP, serial line, etc) to communicate with the gdbserver. In the case of Valgrind's gdbserver, communication is done via a pipe and a small helper program called vgdb, which acts as an intermediary. If no GDB is in use, vgdb can also be used to send monitor commands to the Valgrind gdbserver from a shell command line.

To debug a program "prog" running under Valgrind, you must ensure that the Valgrind gdbserver is activated by specifying either --vgdb=yes or --vgdb=full. A secondary command line option, --vgdb-error=number, can be used to tell the gdbserver only to become active once the specified number of errors have been shown. A value of zero will therefore cause the gdbserver to become active at startup, which allows you to insert breakpoints before starting the run. For example:

valgrind --tool=memcheck --vgdb=yes --vgdb-error=0 ./prog

The Valgrind gdbserver is invoked at startup and indicates it is waiting for a connection from a GDB:

==2418== Memcheck, a memory error detector
==2418== Copyright (C) 2002-2017, and GNU GPL'd, by Julian Seward et al.
==2418== Using Valgrind-3.14.0.GIT and LibVEX; rerun with -h for copyright info
==2418== Command: ./prog
==2418== 
==2418== (action at startup) vgdb me ... 

GDB (in another shell) can then be connected to the Valgrind gdbserver. For this, GDB must be started on the program prog:

gdb ./prog

You then indicate to GDB that you want to debug a remote target:

(gdb) target remote | vgdb

GDB then starts a vgdb relay application to communicate with the Valgrind embedded gdbserver:

(gdb) target remote | vgdb
Remote debugging using | vgdb
relaying data between gdb and process 2418
Reading symbols from /lib/ld-linux.so.2...done.
Reading symbols from /usr/lib/debug/lib/ld-2.11.2.so.debug...done.
Loaded symbols for /lib/ld-linux.so.2
[Switching to Thread 2418]
0x001f2850 in _start () from /lib/ld-linux.so.2
(gdb) 

Note that vgdb is provided as part of the Valgrind distribution. You do not need to install it separately.

If vgdb detects that there are multiple Valgrind gdbservers that can be connected to, it will list all such servers and their PIDs, and then exit. You can then reissue the GDB "target" command, but specifying the PID of the process you want to debug:

(gdb) target remote | vgdb
Remote debugging using | vgdb
no --pid= arg given and multiple valgrind pids found:
use --pid=2479 for valgrind --tool=memcheck --vgdb=yes --vgdb-error=0 ./prog 
use --pid=2481 for valgrind --tool=memcheck --vgdb=yes --vgdb-error=0 ./prog 
use --pid=2483 for valgrind --vgdb=yes --vgdb-error=0 ./another_prog 
Remote communication error: Resource temporarily unavailable.
(gdb)  target remote | vgdb --pid=2479
Remote debugging using | vgdb --pid=2479
relaying data between gdb and process 2479
Reading symbols from /lib/ld-linux.so.2...done.
Reading symbols from /usr/lib/debug/lib/ld-2.11.2.so.debug...done.
Loaded symbols for /lib/ld-linux.so.2
[Switching to Thread 2479]
0x001f2850 in _start () from /lib/ld-linux.so.2
(gdb) 

Once GDB is connected to the Valgrind gdbserver, it can be used in the same way as if you were debugging the program natively:

And so on. Refer to the GDB user manual for a complete description of GDB's functionality.

When developping applications for Android, you will typically use a development system (on which the Android NDK is installed) to compile your application. An Android target system or emulator will be used to run the application. In this setup, Valgrind and vgdb will run on the Android system, while GDB will run on the development system. GDB will connect to the vgdb running on the Android system using the Android NDK 'adb forward' application.

Example: on the Android system, execute the following:

valgrind --vgdb-error=0 --vgdb=yes prog
# and then in another shell, run:
vgdb --port=1234

On the development system, execute the following commands:

adb forward tcp:1234 tcp:1234
gdb prog
(gdb) target remote :1234

GDB will use a local tcp/ip connection to connect to the Android adb forwarder. Adb will establish a relay connection between the host system and the Android target system. Be sure to use the GDB delivered in the Android NDK system (typically, arm-linux-androideabi-gdb), as the host GDB is probably not able to debug Android arm applications. Note that the local port nr (used by GDB) must not necessarily be equal to the port number used by vgdb: adb can forward tcp/ip between different port numbers.

In the current release, the GDB server is not enabled by default for Android, due to problems in establishing a suitable directory in which Valgrind can create the necessary FIFOs (named pipes) for communication purposes. You can stil try to use the GDB server, but you will need to explicitly enable it using the flag --vgdb=yes or --vgdb=full.

Additionally, you will need to select a temporary directory which is (a) writable by Valgrind, and (b) supports FIFOs. This is the main difficult point. Often, /sdcard satisfies requirement (a), but fails for (b) because it is a VFAT file system and VFAT does not support pipes. Possibilities you could try are /data/local, /data/local/Inst (if you installed Valgrind there), or /data/data/name.of.my.app, if you are running a specific application and it has its own directory of that form. This last possibility may have the highest probability of success.

You can specify the temporary directory to use either via the --with-tmpdir= configure time flag, or by setting environment variable TMPDIR when running Valgrind (on the Android device, not on the Android NDK development host). Another alternative is to specify the directory for the FIFOs using the --vgdb-prefix= Valgrind command line option.

We hope to have a better story for temporary directory handling on Android in the future. The difficulty is that, unlike in standard Unixes, there is no single temporary file directory that reliably works across all devices and scenarios.

The Valgrind gdbserver provides additional Valgrind-specific functionality via "monitor commands". Such monitor commands can be sent from the GDB command line or from the shell command line or requested by the client program using the VALGRIND_MONITOR_COMMAND client request. See Valgrind monitor commands for the list of the Valgrind core monitor commands available regardless of the Valgrind tool selected.

The following tools provide tool-specific monitor commands:

An example of a tool specific monitor command is the Memcheck monitor command leak_check full reachable any. This requests a full reporting of the allocated memory blocks. To have this leak check executed, use the GDB command:

(gdb) monitor leak_check full reachable any

GDB will send the leak_check command to the Valgrind gdbserver. The Valgrind gdbserver will execute the monitor command itself, if it recognises it to be a Valgrind core monitor command. If it is not recognised as such, it is assumed to be tool-specific and is handed to the tool for execution. For example:

(gdb) monitor leak_check full reachable any
==2418== 100 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 1 of 1
==2418==    at 0x4006E9E: malloc (vg_replace_malloc.c:236)
==2418==    by 0x804884F: main (prog.c:88)
==2418== 
==2418== LEAK SUMMARY:
==2418==    definitely lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==2418==    indirectly lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==2418==      possibly lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==2418==    still reachable: 100 bytes in 1 blocks
==2418==         suppressed: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==2418== 
(gdb) 

As with other GDB commands, the Valgrind gdbserver will accept abbreviated monitor command names and arguments, as long as the given abbreviation is unambiguous. For example, the above leak_check command can also be typed as:

(gdb) mo l f r a

The letters mo are recognised by GDB as being an abbreviation for monitor. So GDB sends the string l f r a to the Valgrind gdbserver. The letters provided in this string are unambiguous for the Valgrind gdbserver. This therefore gives the same output as the unabbreviated command and arguments. If the provided abbreviation is ambiguous, the Valgrind gdbserver will report the list of commands (or argument values) that can match:

(gdb) mo v. n
v. can match v.set v.info v.wait v.kill v.translate v.do
(gdb) mo v.i n
n_errs_found 0 n_errs_shown 0 (vgdb-error 0)
(gdb) 

Instead of sending a monitor command from GDB, you can also send these from a shell command line. For example, the following command lines, when given in a shell, will cause the same leak search to be executed by the process 3145:

vgdb --pid=3145 leak_check full reachable any
vgdb --pid=3145 l f r a

Note that the Valgrind gdbserver automatically continues the execution of the program after a standalone invocation of vgdb. Monitor commands sent from GDB do not cause the program to continue: the program execution is controlled explicitly using GDB commands such as "continue" or "next".

Many monitor commands (e.g. v.info location, memcheck who_points_at, ...) require an address argument and an optional length: <addr> [<len>]. The arguments can also be provided by using a 'C array like syntax' by providing the address followed by the length between square brackets.

For example, the following two monitor commands provide the same information:

(gdb) mo xb 0x804a2f0 10
...
(gdb) mo xb 0x804a2f0[10]
...

Valgrind's gdbserver enriches the output of the GDB info threads command with Valgrind-specific information. The operating system's thread number is followed by Valgrind's internal index for that thread ("tid") and by the Valgrind scheduler thread state:

(gdb) info threads
  4 Thread 6239 (tid 4 VgTs_Yielding)  0x001f2832 in _dl_sysinfo_int80 () from /lib/ld-linux.so.2
* 3 Thread 6238 (tid 3 VgTs_Runnable)  make_error (s=0x8048b76 "called from London") at prog.c:20
  2 Thread 6237 (tid 2 VgTs_WaitSys)  0x001f2832 in _dl_sysinfo_int80 () from /lib/ld-linux.so.2
  1 Thread 6234 (tid 1 VgTs_Yielding)  main (argc=1, argv=0xbedcc274) at prog.c:105
(gdb) 

When the option --vgdb-shadow-registers=yes is given, the Valgrind gdbserver will let GDB examine and/or modify Valgrind's shadow registers. GDB version 7.1 or later is needed for this to work. For x86 and amd64, GDB version 7.2 or later is needed.

For each CPU register, the Valgrind core maintains two shadow register sets. These shadow registers can be accessed from GDB by giving a postfix s1 or s2 for respectively the first and second shadow register. For example, the x86 register eax and its two shadows can be examined using the following commands:

(gdb) p $eax
$1 = 0
(gdb) p $eaxs1
$2 = 0
(gdb) p $eaxs2
$3 = 0
(gdb) 

Float shadow registers are shown by GDB as unsigned integer values instead of float values, as it is expected that these shadow values are mostly used for memcheck validity bits.

Intel/amd64 AVX registers ymm0 to ymm15 have also their shadow registers. However, GDB presents the shadow values using two "half" registers. For example, the half shadow registers for ymm9 are xmm9s1 (lower half for set 1), ymm9hs1 (upper half for set 1), xmm9s2 (lower half for set 2), ymm9hs2 (upper half for set 2). Note the inconsistent notation for the names of the half registers: the lower part starts with an x, the upper part starts with an y and has an h before the shadow postfix.

The special presentation of the AVX shadow registers is due to the fact that GDB independently retrieves the lower and upper half of the ymm registers. GDB does not however know that the shadow half registers have to be shown combined.

Debugging with the Valgrind gdbserver is very similar to native debugging. Valgrind's gdbserver implementation is quite complete, and so provides most of the GDB debugging functionality. There are however some limitations and peculiarities:

Usage: vgdb [OPTION]... [[-c] COMMAND]...

vgdb ("Valgrind to GDB") is a small program that is used as an intermediary between Valgrind and GDB or a shell. Therefore, it has two usage modes:

vgdb accepts the following options:

This section describes the Valgrind monitor commands, available regardless of the Valgrind tool selected. For the tool specific commands, refer to Memcheck Monitor Commands, Helgrind Monitor Commands, Callgrind Monitor Commands and Massif Monitor Commands.

The monitor commands can be sent either from a shell command line, by using a standalone vgdb, or from GDB, by using GDB's "monitor" command (see Monitor command handling by the Valgrind gdbserver). They can also be launched by the client program, using the VALGRIND_MONITOR_COMMAND client request.

The following Valgrind monitor commands are useful for investigating the behaviour of Valgrind or its gdbserver in case of problems or bugs.

Supposing we want to wrap some function

int foo ( int x, int y ) { return x + y; }

A wrapper is a function of identical type, but with a special name which identifies it as the wrapper for foo. Wrappers need to include supporting macros from valgrind.h. Here is a simple wrapper which prints the arguments and return value:

#include <stdio.h>
#include "valgrind.h"
int I_WRAP_SONAME_FNNAME_ZU(NONE,foo)( int x, int y )
{
   int    result;
   OrigFn fn;
   VALGRIND_GET_ORIG_FN(fn);
   printf("foo's wrapper: args %d %d\n", x, y);
   CALL_FN_W_WW(result, fn, x,y);
   printf("foo's wrapper: result %d\n", result);
   return result;
}

To become active, the wrapper merely needs to be present in a text section somewhere in the same process' address space as the function it wraps, and for its ELF symbol name to be visible to Valgrind. In practice, this means either compiling to a .o and linking it in, or compiling to a .so and LD_PRELOADing it in. The latter is more convenient in that it doesn't require relinking.

All wrappers have approximately the above form. There are three crucial macros:

I_WRAP_SONAME_FNNAME_ZU: this generates the real name of the wrapper. This is an encoded name which Valgrind notices when reading symbol table information. What it says is: I am the wrapper for any function named foo which is found in an ELF shared object with an empty ("NONE") soname field. The specification mechanism is powerful in that wildcards are allowed for both sonames and function names. The details are discussed below.

VALGRIND_GET_ORIG_FN: once in the wrapper, the first priority is to get hold of the address of the original (and any other supporting information needed). This is stored in a value of opaque type OrigFn. The information is acquired using VALGRIND_GET_ORIG_FN. It is crucial to make this macro call before calling any other wrapped function in the same thread.

CALL_FN_W_WW: eventually we will want to call the function being wrapped. Calling it directly does not work, since that just gets us back to the wrapper and leads to an infinite loop. Instead, the result lvalue, OrigFn and arguments are handed to one of a family of macros of the form CALL_FN_*. These cause Valgrind to call the original and avoid recursion back to the wrapper.

This scheme has the advantage of being self-contained. A library of wrappers can be compiled to object code in the normal way, and does not rely on an external script telling Valgrind which wrappers pertain to which originals.

Each wrapper has a name which, in the most general case says: I am the wrapper for any function whose name matches FNPATT and whose ELF "soname" matches SOPATT. Both FNPATT and SOPATT may contain wildcards (asterisks) and other characters (spaces, dots, @, etc) which are not generally regarded as valid C identifier names.

This flexibility is needed to write robust wrappers for POSIX pthread functions, where typically we are not completely sure of either the function name or the soname, or alternatively we want to wrap a whole set of functions at once.

For example, pthread_create in GNU libpthread is usually a versioned symbol - one whose name ends in, eg, @GLIBC_2.3. Hence we are not sure what its real name is. We also want to cover any soname of the form libpthread.so*. So the header of the wrapper will be

int I_WRAP_SONAME_FNNAME_ZZ(libpthreadZdsoZd0,pthreadZucreateZAZa)
  ( ... formals ... )
  { ... body ... }

In order to write unusual characters as valid C function names, a Z-encoding scheme is used. Names are written literally, except that a capital Z acts as an escape character, with the following encoding:

     Za   encodes    *
     Zp              +
     Zc              :
     Zd              .
     Zu              _
     Zh              -
     Zs              (space)
     ZA              @
     ZZ              Z
     ZL              (       # only in valgrind 3.3.0 and later
     ZR              )       # only in valgrind 3.3.0 and later

Hence libpthreadZdsoZd0 is an encoding of the soname libpthread.so.0 and pthreadZucreateZAZa is an encoding of the function name pthread_create@*.

The macro I_WRAP_SONAME_FNNAME_ZZ constructs a wrapper name in which both the soname (first component) and function name (second component) are Z-encoded. Encoding the function name can be tiresome and is often unnecessary, so a second macro, I_WRAP_SONAME_FNNAME_ZU, can be used instead. The _ZU variant is also useful for writing wrappers for C++ functions, in which the function name is usually already mangled using some other convention in which Z plays an important role. Having to encode a second time quickly becomes confusing.

Since the function name field may contain wildcards, it can be anything, including just *. The same is true for the soname. However, some ELF objects - specifically, main executables - do not have sonames. Any object lacking a soname is treated as if its soname was NONE, which is why the original example above had a name I_WRAP_SONAME_FNNAME_ZU(NONE,foo).

Note that the soname of an ELF object is not the same as its file name, although it is often similar. You can find the soname of an object libfoo.so using the command readelf -a libfoo.so | grep soname.

The ability for a wrapper to replace an infinite family of functions is powerful but brings complications in situations where ELF objects appear and disappear (are dlopen'd and dlclose'd) on the fly. Valgrind tries to maintain sensible behaviour in such situations.

For example, suppose a process has dlopened (an ELF object with soname) object1.so, which contains function1. It starts to use function1 immediately.

After a while it dlopens wrappers.so, which contains a wrapper for function1 in (soname) object1.so. All subsequent calls to function1 are rerouted to the wrapper.

If wrappers.so is later dlclose'd, calls to function1 are naturally routed back to the original.

Alternatively, if object1.so is dlclose'd but wrappers.so remains, then the wrapper exported by wrappers.so becomes inactive, since there is no way to get to it - there is no original to call any more. However, Valgrind remembers that the wrapper is still present. If object1.so is eventually dlopen'd again, the wrapper will become active again.

In short, valgrind inspects all code loading/unloading events to ensure that the set of currently active wrappers remains consistent.

A second possible problem is that of conflicting wrappers. It is easily possible to load two or more wrappers, both of which claim to be wrappers for some third function. In such cases Valgrind will complain about conflicting wrappers when the second one appears, and will honour only the first one.

Figuring out what's going on given the dynamic nature of wrapping can be difficult. The --trace-redir=yes option makes this possible by showing the complete state of the redirection subsystem after every mmap/munmap event affecting code (text).

There are two central concepts:

The state of the wrapping-and-redirection subsystem comprises a set of specifications and a set of active bindings. The specifications are acquired/discarded by watching all mmap/munmap events on code (text) sections. The active binding set is (conceptually) recomputed from the specifications, and all known symbol names, following any change to the specification set.

--trace-redir=yes shows the contents of both sets following any such event.

-v prints a line of text each time an active specification is used for the first time.

Hence for maximum debugging effectiveness you will need to use both options.

One final comment. The function-wrapping facility is closely tied to Valgrind's ability to replace (redirect) specified functions, for example to redirect calls to malloc to its own implementation. Indeed, a replacement function can be regarded as a wrapper function which does not call the original. However, to make the implementation more robust, the two kinds of interception (wrapping vs replacement) are treated differently.

--trace-redir=yes shows specifications and bindings for both replacement and wrapper functions. To differentiate the two, replacement bindings are printed using R-> whereas wraps are printed using W->.

For the most part, the function wrapping implementation is robust. The only important caveat is: in a wrapper, get hold of the OrigFn information using VALGRIND_GET_ORIG_FN before calling any other wrapped function. Once you have the OrigFn, arbitrary calls between, recursion between, and longjumps out of wrappers should work correctly. There is never any interaction between wrapped functions and merely replaced functions (eg malloc), so you can call malloc etc safely from within wrappers.

The above comments are true for {x86,amd64,ppc32,arm,mips32,s390}-linux. On ppc64-linux function wrapping is more fragile due to the (arguably poorly designed) ppc64-linux ABI. This mandates the use of a shadow stack which tracks entries/exits of both wrapper and replacement functions. This gives two limitations: firstly, longjumping out of wrappers will rapidly lead to disaster, since the shadow stack will not get correctly cleared. Secondly, since the shadow stack has finite size, recursion between wrapper/replacement functions is only possible to a limited depth, beyond which Valgrind has to abort the run. This depth is currently 16 calls.

For all platforms ({x86,amd64,ppc32,ppc64,arm,mips32,s390}-linux) all the above comments apply on a per-thread basis. In other words, wrapping is thread-safe: each thread must individually observe the above restrictions, but there is no need for any kind of inter-thread cooperation.

As shown in the above example, to call the original you must use a macro of the form CALL_FN_*. For technical reasons it is impossible to create a single macro to deal with all argument types and numbers, so a family of macros covering the most common cases is supplied. In what follows, 'W' denotes a machine-word-typed value (a pointer or a C long), and 'v' denotes C's void type. The currently available macros are:

CALL_FN_v_v    -- call an original of type  void fn ( void )
CALL_FN_W_v    -- call an original of type  long fn ( void )

CALL_FN_v_W    -- call an original of type  void fn ( long )
CALL_FN_W_W    -- call an original of type  long fn ( long )

CALL_FN_v_WW   -- call an original of type  void fn ( long, long )
CALL_FN_W_WW   -- call an original of type  long fn ( long, long )

CALL_FN_v_WWW  -- call an original of type  void fn ( long, long, long )
CALL_FN_W_WWW  -- call an original of type  long fn ( long, long, long )

CALL_FN_W_WWWW -- call an original of type  long fn ( long, long, long, long )
CALL_FN_W_5W   -- call an original of type  long fn ( long, long, long, long, long )
CALL_FN_W_6W   -- call an original of type  long fn ( long, long, long, long, long, long )
and so on, up to 
CALL_FN_W_12W

The set of supported types can be expanded as needed. It is regrettable that this limitation exists. Function wrapping has proven difficult to implement, with a certain apparently unavoidable level of ickiness. After several implementation attempts, the present arrangement appears to be the least-worst tradeoff. At least it works reliably in the presence of dynamic linking and dynamic code loading/unloading.

You should not attempt to wrap a function of one type signature with a wrapper of a different type signature. Such trickery will surely lead to crashes or strange behaviour. This is not a limitation of the function wrapping implementation, merely a reflection of the fact that it gives you sweeping powers to shoot yourself in the foot if you are not careful. Imagine the instant havoc you could wreak by writing a wrapper which matched any function name in any soname - in effect, one which claimed to be a wrapper for all functions in the process.

In the source tree, memcheck/tests/wrap[1-8].c provide a series of examples, ranging from very simple to quite advanced.

mpi/libmpiwrap.c is an example of wrapping a big, complex API (the MPI-2 interface). This file defines almost 300 different wrappers.